Lecture 2 - Graphic Design: A Medium for the Masses

• The origins of Graphic Design

•Graphic Design in relation to Fine Art

•Graphic Design in relation to Advertising

•Graphic Design as a tool of Capitalism

•Graphic Design as a Political tool

•Graphic Design and Postmodernism

•Graphic Design and Social Conscience

         Visual communication has been practised as early as 15000bc. Examples include Bison and horses Cave paintings discovered in Lascaux in France.

Giotto di Bondone, Betrayal, c. 1305, Fresco, Arena Chapel, Padua, Italy

An artist paid to represent secenes from the Bible, similar to a Graphic Novel

John Everett Millais, Bubbles, 1886, Pears Soap advertisement



Introduction of the term ‘Graphic Design’:

1922, William Addison Dwiggins (successful designer):

‘In the matter of layout forget art at the start and use horse-sense.  The printing-designer’s whole duty is to make a clear presentation of the message - to get the important statements forward and the minor parts placed so that they will not be overlooked.  This calls for an exercise of common sense and a faculty for analysis rather than for art’.

Quotes about Graphic design

Herbert Spencer: ‘Mechanized art’

Max Bill and Josef Muller-Brockman: ‘Visual Communication’

Richard Hollis: ‘Graphic Design is the business of making or

choosing marks and arranging them on a surface to convey

an idea’

Paul Rand: ‘… graphic design, in the end, deals with the

spectator, and because it is the goal of the designer to be

persuasive or at least informative, it follows that the

designer’s problems are twofold: to anticipate the spectator’s

reactions and to meet his own aesthetic needs’.

‘Although graphic design as we know it originated in the

late nineteenth century as a tool of advertising, any

association today with marketing, advertising, or capitalism

deeply undermines the graphic designer’s self-image. 

Graphic design history is an integral part of advertising

history, yet in most accounts of graphic design’s origins

advertising is virtually denied, or hidden behind more

benign words such as “publicity” and “promotion”.  This

omission not only limits the discourse, but also

misrepresents the facts.  It is time for graphic design

historians, and designers generally, to remove the elitist

prejudices that have perpetuated a biased history’.

Steven Heller, Eye, No. 17, 1995, reprinted in Bierut, M., Drenttel, W., Heller, S. and Holland, D.K (eds.), (1997), Looking Closer 2, New York, Allworth Press, pages 112 - 119

Is it Graphic Design?

 

Aristide Bruant, 1893, poster

Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec,  

La Goulue, 1890s, poster

‘Whatever the information transmitted, it must, ethically and culturally, reflect its responsibility to society’. Josef Muller-Brockman Aristide Bruant, 1893, poster

Early stages of the lines blurring between posters, fine art and advertising.

 

Alphonse Mucha, Job, c. 1898, poster for cigarette papers



Graphic composition

Koloman Moser, 13th Secession

Exhibition, 1902, poster

Charles Rennie Mackintosh,

Scottish Musical Review, 1896, poster

Form and Function becomes more evident. especially in Europe as opposed to Britain.

Peter Behrens, AEG, 1910

New use of Graphic design in GB however still vey conservative and fairly traditional.

Savile Lumley, Daddy, what did YOU do in the Great War?, c. 1915, poster

British stiff upper lip V US

Alfred Leete, Britons [Kitchener]

wants you!, 1914, poster

James Montgomery Flagg,

I want you for U.S. army, 1917, poster

Whereas Germany is far more Graphic

Julius Gipkens, Trophies of the Air War, 1917, poster

Around 1923 when Kandinsky was producing Modern Art, Graphic Design started to become more abstract.

Wassily Kandinsky (1886 - 1944), Composition VIII, 1923

GEOMETRIC

El Lissitzky, Beat the Whites with the Red Wedge, c.1919, poster

An example of Traditional Graphic Design in Britain which is figuritive and geographical:

F.H. Stingemore (UK), London Underground Map, 1931 - 2

However Harry Beck in 1933 was starting to be topological rather than geographical.  Thsi was representational oof a Graphic piece if design.

Henry C. (Harry) Beck (UK), London Underground Map, 1933

After Harry Beck, London Underground Map

Simon Patterson managed to make Fine Art out of a piece of Graphic Design. Football, comedians, actors, 'stars' in a constellation

Simon Patterson (1967 - ), The Great Bear, 1992, lithograph on paper

         In 1922, The Bauhaus Modernist logo was represenative of the new rules and starts setting the European precedent in graphic Design.

Oskar Schlemmer (German), Bauhaus logo, 1922

Laszlo Moholy-Nagy (Russian), Painting Photography Film, 1925, book cover

Bucking the trend of horizontals and verticals:

Herbert Bayer (German), Kandinsky 60th Birthday exhibition, 1926, poster

Piet Zwart (Dutch), Het boek van PTT, 1938 (Dutch telephone service book)

Swiss Cutting edge Graphic Design 

Herbert Matter (Swiss), Swiss Tourist Board, c. 1932 - 34, posters

A.M. Cassandre (French), L’Intransigeant, 1925, newspaper poster

Abstract graphic design ie railwtay line represents whole railway/train

A.M. Cassandre (French), Etoile du Nord, 1927, poster

Versus 1937 in Britain where still conservative , fine art based and traditional

 

Tom Purvis (UK), LNER, 1937, poster

       In Germay the Bauhaus was closed in 1933 by the Nazis as the Modernist concepts did not fit in with his traditional values.This started a period of an odd juxtaposition in posters 'Traditional figuritive' v Degenerate Art' (Nazis term used for modern art).

Ludwig Hohlwein (German), Reichs Sports Day for

the Association of German Girls , 1934, poster

         Ironic poster which is both Graphic and modernist which was chosen by Hitler to advertise the 'What is bad about Modern Art exhibition'

Ludwig Vierthaler (German), Degenerate

Art, 1936, exhibition poster

1942 Figuritive, conservative Graphic Design promoting good health

Hans Schleger (German, working in UK), Eat Greens for Health, 1942, poster

1936 Spain An underground movement using Graphic design really effectively 

opposing Budget cuts

Josep Renau (Spanish), Industry of War, 1936

Propaganda- Russia celebrating freedom

Josep Renau (Spanish), Stalingrad: The New Star of Freedom, 1942

No text needed

Pere Catala i Pic (Spanish), Let’s Squash Fascism, 1936

Constructivism - Political posters set the benchmark

V. Deni & N. Dolgorukov (Russian), Our Army and Our Country are strengthened with the Spirit of Stalin!, 1939

G. Klucis (Russian), In the Storm of the

Third Year of the Five Year Plan, 1930

G. Klucis (Russian), Long Live the USSR –

Fatherland of Workers of the World, 1931

Postwar celebrating victory against facist and promoting economic boom.

Graphic designers in Britain such as Abram Games were starting to become influential.

Abram Games, catalogue for ‘Exhibition of Science’, Festival of Britain, 1951

1946 new commercial nature of advertising lead by US graphic Designers such as Paul Rand

Paul Rand, advert for Jacqueline Cochran, 1946

Classic British Ad - using negative space,minimalism used to make people sit up and recognise.Brand association VW not just about words eg Sainsbury's tried to use an italised logo on their own brand coke howeve cocacola appealed to ban it.



Helmut Krone for Doyle Dane Berbach,  Think Small, advert for Volkswagen, 1959

Graphic designer Saul Bass poster style gave Hitchcock films a 'brand'

The Man with the Golden Arm, 1955

Alfred Hitchcock’s Vertigo, 1958

Saul Bass, title graphics for Anatomy of a Murder, 1959

Paul Rand was at the fore of commercialism and the growth of branding

Paul Rand, logo for American Broadcasting Company, 1962

Paul Rand, poster for IBM, 1970

         Ken Garland is a British Designer who wrote the 'First things first manifesto'.  He presented an argument that there was more to life than being part of a capitalist society . Life should be more meaningful

  

‘We have been bombarded with publications

devoted to this belief, applauding the work of those

who have flogged their skill and imagination to sell

such things as: cat food, stomach powders,

detergent, hair restorer, striped toothpaste,

aftershave lotion, beforeshave lotion, slimming

diets, fattening diets, deodorants, fizzy water,

cigarettes, roll-ons, pull-ons and slip-ons …

Ken Garland, First Things First Manifesto, 1964

‘There are other things more worth using our skill

and experience on.  There are signs for streets

and buildings, books and periodicals, catalogues,

instructional manuals, industrial photography,

educational aids, films, television features,

scientific and industrial publications, and all the

other media through which we promote our trade,

our education, our culture and our greater

awareness of the world’

Ken Garland, First Things First Manifesto, 1964

F.H.K. Henrion, Stop Nuclear Suicide poster, 1960
Designed 'CND' logo symbol now come to represent peace

Seymour Chwast/Push Pin Studio, End Bad Breath poster, 1968

About War veterans and B52 bombers

Art Workers Coalition, Q. And Babies?  A. And Babies, 1970

This was an order to soldiers in Vietnam War (IS text necessary?)

Hipgnosis, 10CC, Deceptive Bends sleeve design, 1977
Prog rock over-eleborate album cover representative of this period in Music

followed by backlash from Punk movement
'DIY art work'

Jamie Reid, Sex Pistols, Never Mind the Bollocks … sleeve design, 1977

Peter Saville, FAC 001, The Factory Club Night poster
First poster as student of Graphic Design for Factory records apparently delivered after the gig which appealed to Tony Wilson so he used it anyway..

Peter Saville, New Order, Blue Monday, sleeve design, 1983

Nortorious 12 inch single which is an example of packaging becoming as important as product. Elaborate folded design. An example of Graphic Design Vering away from capitalism.  Factory Records lost as lot of money as highest selling 12 inch single ever and they were losing 30p a copy...

 

 

       

Neville Brody, The Face magazine covers, 1980s
Key figure in British Post Modern graphic design who revolutionised typesetting.

David Carson, Ray Gun, double page spread

Simliar to Brody but in US Carson with the rise of the grunge movement re- wrote the rules, jumps around.  Has it become Graphic design for its own sake, an object of beauty or non-functional.

David Carson, Don’t mistake legibility for communication

Examples of post modern design

Public Image Limited, album, sleeve design, 1986

Trying to undermine graphic design in terms of branding, aware of the trappings of consumerism however is it aesthetic in its own right?

Public Image Limited, compact disc, cd packaging, 1986

Peter Blake, Band Aid, Do they Know its Christmas?, 1984

Chumbawamba, Pictures of Starving Children Sell Records, 1986

Mocking charity records

Designers Republic, Pop Will Eat Itself, Ich bin ein auslander, sleeve design, 1994

Julian House (for Intro), Primal Scream, Xtrmntr, sleeve design, 2000

Reflects the cut and paste techniques used in the interwar years , is it trying to align the music to this?

Mark Farrow (Farrow Design), Spiritualized, Ladies and Gentlemen we are floating in space, CD packaging, 1997

Graphic design becomes the product instead of the CD - Represents a packet of pills.  Once opened the product as limited value yet can listen to cd.  Eah 'pill' is cd size.  Cost £70 to buy.  How useful is this?

Mark Farrow (Farrow Design), Spiritualized, Ladies and Gentlemen we are floating in space, limited edition CD packaging 1997

Time Magazine, cover, September 14th 2001

THIS CD WAS RELEASED IN AUGUST 2011 BEFORE THE TWIN TOWERS DISASTER IN SEPT 2001.  THE TWIN TOWERS TO BLACK AMERICA SIGNIFIED US WHITE WEALTH.  WAS WITHDRAWN 

Key thinker ' looking closer theory'

‘Evidence of designer concern is found in the form of well-meaning but woefully

masturbatory poster exhibitions and portfolios organized on general humanistic

themes such as peace, human rights and the environment’

Steven Heller, 1991

Jonathan Barnbrook, Bastard typeface, 1990
'GOTHIC'

Jonathan Barnbrook, Olympukes
Was this self congratulatory or raising awareness?

 
Naomi Klein - A well regarded theorist although quite subjective

‘Quite understandably, the people behind these

campaigns have come to think of themselves as

cultural philosophers, spiritual guides, artists, even

political leaders.  For instance, Benetton, rather

than using its ads to extol the virtues of its clothing,

opted instead to communicate what Oliviero

Toscani believed to be fundamental truths about

the injustice of capital punishment.  According to

the company’s communication policy, “Benetton

believes that it is important for companies to take a

stance in the real world instead of using their

advertising budget to perpetuate the myth that they

can make consumers happy through the mere

purchase of their product”’.

Naomi Klein, Truth in Advertising, 2000 (in Looking Closer 4, page 64)

Benetton  -'Are they trying to make us think or raise awareness or simply trying

to make you believe it is 'good' to wear Benetton?'

How long does this type of imagery stay shocking?

Oliviero Toscani, Benetton adverts 1992

 

‘It seems like a noble goal, yet Benetton’s political branding

campaigns implicitly promise customers a happiness of

another sort – not just beauty, status or style, the traditional

claims fashion companies make, but virtue and engagement.

And that’s where the problems arise, because this claim is

simply not true.  Benetton’s clothing has nothing to do with

AIDS or war or the lives of prisoners on death row, and by

using these issues in sweater advertisements, Benetton is

inserting a layer of distance and mediation – represented by

the Benetton name itself – between consumers and these

important issues’.

Naomi Klein, Truth in Advertising, 2000 (in Looking Closer 4, page 64)

‘While the publicity generated by such

campaigns [Benetton] is immense – and

their globalized distribution protects them

from the effects of a ban in any one country

– it is also surely shocking that the shock

effect wears off so quickly.  Perhaps the

overall driving motive of such campaigns is

in fact nothing new – but simply an astute

loyalty to one of the oldest adages in the

business: there is no such thing as bad

Publicity’

Cook, G. (1992), The Discourse of Advertising, London, Routledge, page 229

Kruger is a fine artist. However when she allows Selfridges to use her art work is

she selling out or is she mocking the customer?

 

Barbara Kruger, I shop therefore I am, 1987

Barbara Kruger/Selfridges,

I shop therefore I am, 2006

 

‘For the last decade, as a profession,

graphic designers have been either

shamefully remiss or inexcusably ineffective

about plying their craft for social or political

betterment’

Steven Heller, 1991

‘Once we’ve acknowledged that designers

have certain inherent limitations as message

bearers, the question which must be asked

is: “Can graphic designers actually do

something to change the world?”’

Steven Heller, 1991

‘The answer is “yes”, if one disregards the

fact that there are very limited outlets for this

kind of work, and accepts the fact that being

socially responsible means taking the

initiative oneself, dealing rationally with

issues, and having a commitment to a

specific cause’

Steven Heller, 1991

Judy Blame, Keep Britain Tidy t shirt, 1992

‘We are a global network of culture jammers and creatives working to change

 the way information flows, the way corporations wield power, and the way

 meaning is produced in  our society.’   http://www.adbusters.org/ 


Are  Adbusters raising awareness or is it self congratulatory?